Prima pagina  Glosar

Observatie: Termenii marcati cu rosu se refera la protocoale - reguli si proceduri de comunicare.
 

A

ATM adaptation layer 5 -1 VCC per trunk. Passport trunks over ATM carry DPRS traffic using AAL5 to convert frames to ATM cells.

ATM buss controller

avaible bit rate* ABR is an ATM layer service category for which the limiting ATM layer transfer characteristics provided by the network may change subsequent to connection establishment.

ATM bearer service

An Automatic Call Distributor (ACD) is a telephone facility that manages incoming calls and handles them based on the number called and an associated database of handling instructions. Many companies offering sales and service support use ACDs to validate callers, make outgoing responses or calls, forward calls to the right party, allow callers to record messages, gather usage statistics, balance the use of phone lines, and provide other services.

Algebraic code excited linear prediction

adaptive differential pulse code modulation

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line - is a technology for transmitting digital information at a high bandwidth on existing phone lines to homes and businesses.

Allowed cell rate decrease time factor

Authority and format identifier

alarm indication signal called Blue Alarm

access module

High-level application programming interfaces (APIs), for example, APPC

Actual peak cell rate

advanced peer-to peer networking

Automatic protection switching

ATM queue manager

Advanced Router Nortel

adress resolution protocol

application specific integrated circuit

asynchronous transfer mode * Trunking system transparency * ( Routing System ) Connection-oriented routing * ATM can forward traffic at much higher rates than VNS

ATM address of the ATMARP server to enable address resolution

ATM interface

Multiprotocol ATM encapsulation

Asynchronous Telemetry Unit

are-you-there packet of attributes such as remote node name

B

broadband bearer capability information element

buss controller

Backward Congestion Indication

backward explicit congestion notification

border gateway protocol (version 4)

BNC Option pt cablu coax The basic BNC connector is a male type mounted at each end of a cable. This connector has a center pin connected to the center cable conductor and a metal tube connected to the outer cable shield. A rotating ring outside the tube locks the cable to any female connector.

BayStack Operating System Switching Software

bootstrap protocol

Bridge Protocol Data Units

bit transparent data service

bit transparent data service * It is required for signaling only in CCS( ts 24 for DS1, ts 16 for E1)

broadcast and unknown server

Bandwidth

dynamic "Bandwidth on demand" to provide extra bandwidth for traffic peaks.

C

connection administrator

connection admission control

A call center is a physical place where customer and other telephone calls are handled by an organization, usually with some amount of computer automation. Typically, a call center has the ability to handle a considerable volume of calls at the same time, to screen calls and forward them to someone qualified to handle them, and to log calls. Call centers are used by mail-order catalog organizations, telemarketing companies, computer product help desks, and any large organization that uses the telephone to sell or service products and services.  Virtual call center is a call center in which the organization's representatives are geographically dispersed, rather than being situated at work stations in a building operated by the organization. Virtual call center employees may be situated in groups in a number of smaller centers, but most often they work from their own homes. This is an attractive arrangement for many employees: the hours are often flexible, and there's no dress code or commute. For the organization, the virtual call center model saves housing and equipment costs and can lead to lower employee turnover rates, which tend to be high for physical call centers.

CallPilot 4.0 provides a variety of new unified messaging features, as well as Cost of Ownership improvements designed to help reduce on-going management and maintenance costs. CallPilot is a unified messaging application for businesses using Meridian 1 PBX phone systems, Meridian SL-100, Communication Server 1000, and CPE Centrex systems. It combines voicemail, e-mail and fax messages into a single mailbox — accessible by phone, any desktop PC, or mobile e-mail enabled devices (PDAs). CallPilot Unified messaging provides a compelling solution for businesses that are looking at reducing costs, improving productivity, and staying connected to their customers and suppliers.

call accept packet

Component Administration System or Channel associated signaling: signaling in same or in different channel permanent associated. CAS protocols : R1, R2, DTMF, MF

The 3th, 5th and 7th  overhead (bits in a frame, not in the payload , for signalling) bits in a DS3 signal's M-subframes (submultiframe, division of multiframe that contains multiple frames)

Comited burst

connection bandwidth control

constant bit rate * Differ from VBR; SAD (Speech activity detection) feature changes voice from CBR traffic to VBR traffic

Customer Call Routing

Common channel signaling: one channel for all signaling functions of a group of voice channels CCS protocols : DPNSS, QSIG, CCS7. It requires BTDS for signaling- ts 24 for DS1, ts 16 for E1

CDMA (code-division multiple access) refers to any of several protocols used in so-called second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. As the term implies, CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands

cell delay variation

Cell delay variation tolerance also known as network jitter (tolerance)

Code excited linear prediction

circuit emulation service  
Contivity Extranet Switch

Control and function processor

congestion level

Customer identifier

Chief Information Officer (CIO) is a job title commonly given to the person in an enterprise responsible for the information technology and computer systems that support enterprise goals.

Connectionless Data

cell lost priority

cell loss ratio

Connection Oriented Data

Community of interest

COMPANION WIRELESS

The name for the communication systems which use radio technology to transmit  and receive signals between its components and the Business Communications Manager.

A contact center (also referred to as a customer interaction center or e-contact center) is a central point in an enterprise from which all customer contacts are managed. The contact center typically includes one or more online call centers but may include other types of customer contact as well, including e-mail newsletters, postal mail catalogs, Web site inquiries and chats, and the collection of information from customers during in-store purchasing. A contact center is generally part of an enterprise's overall customer relationship management (CRM).A contact center would typically be provided with special software that would allow contact information to be routed to appropriate people, contacts to be tracked, and data to be gathered

Common Open Policy Services

class of service

control processor * Control processors manage the processor cards on the shelf and provide basic system capabilities.

common part convergence sublayer

customer premise equipment

Calling party name display

cell queue control

cell queue memory

call route

CRC-4 (Cyclic Redundancy Check 4) is a form of cyclic redundancy checking (a method of checking for errors in transmitted data) that is used on E-1 trunk lines. CRC-4 is structured in a multiframe consisting of 16 frames numbered 0 to 15. The CRC-4 multiframe is then divided into two eight frame Sub-Multiframes (SMF) called SMF I and SMF II. Each SMF contains four CRC-4 bits designated C1, C2, C3, and C4. Through multiplication and division processes, the CRC-4 bits sent in each SMF are compared to each other and if they match, the frame is considered error free. Bit 1 is used for the CRC-4 bits. CRC-4 support is required for all network switches in Europe. However, some older switches including private branch exchanges (PBXs) do not support CRC-4.

call request packet

call redirection server

Command/Response

Succession Communication Server for Enterprise Multimedia Xchange

The Ethernet carrier sense multiple access/collision detection (CSMA/CD) protocol operates in half-duplex mode, allowing either data transmission or reception, but never both at the same time. Point-to-point network connections, such as DTE-to-switch ports, do not need CSMA/CD to resolve media access contention from multiple devices; therefore, point-to-point network connections allow a file server to transmit frames to a switch while simultaneously receiving frames from the same switch. This two-way, non-CSMA/CD full-duplex communication provides an effective bandwidth of 200 Mb/s between two 100 Mb/s devices.

call server resource modules

Conjugated structure-algebraic coded excited linear prediction diff LD-CELP 80bytes-8kb/sec

Cell Transfer Delay

CTI ( computer-telephony integration), or sometimes simply "computer telephony," is the use of computers to manage telephone calls. The term is used in describing the computerized services of call centers, such as those that direct your phone call to the right department at a business you're calling.

Clear To Send - modem

Closed User Group facilitate folosita in X25 pentru cresterea sigurantei datelor din retea prin limitarea accesibilitatii

D

destination

Data country code

Data circuit equipment (MASTER)  Data Communications Equipment (DCE) device. In practical terms, the DCE is usually a modem and the DTE is the computer itself, or more precisely, the computer's UART chip. For internal modems, the DCE and DTE are part of the same device.

Digital circuit multiplication equipment

destination call router

data collection system

Digital Data Service

emission delay

discard eligible

Dynamic generic cell rate algorithm

local digital loopback test

measured delay

propagation delay

Data Link Connection Identifier(I=ID) - Frame Relay protocol

data link routing

Delivered Duty Paid means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear the risks and costs, including duties, taxes and other charges of delivering the goods thereto, cleared for importation. Whilst the EXW term represents the minimum obligation for the seller, DDP represents the maximum obligation. This term should not be used if the seller is unable directly or indirectly lo obtain the import licence. If the parties wish the buyer to clear the goods for importation and to pay the duty, the term DDU should be used. If the parties wish to exclude from the seller's obligations some of the costs payable upon importation of the goods (such as value added tax(VAT)), this should be made clear by adding words to this effect:"Delivered duty paid, VAT unpaid named place of destination)"

Directory number

dynamic network address

Domain Name System. DNS servers are strategically located on the Internet to convert domain names to IP addresses.

discard priority (discard policy) Dialing plan

Dynamic Protocol Filtering (IBM)

dynamic packet network / data packet network

digital private network signaling system no.1

dynamic packet routing system * Connectionless routing ; is responsible for routing Passport traffic such as frame relay, APPN, and DPN-100. DPRS=FRframe relay+APPN(advanced peer to peer networking)+SLA DNR +DNA gateway

destination queue indetifier

digital signal level 1

Digital Signal Designator	Data Rate	DS0 Multiple	T-Carrier	E-Carrier
DS0	64 Kbps	1	-	-
DS1	1.544 Mbps	24	T-1	-
-	2.048 Mbps	32	-	E1
DS1C	3.152 Mbps	48	-	-
DS2	6.312 Mbps	96	T-2	-
-	8.448 Mbps	128	-	E2
-	34.368 Mbps	512	-	E3
DS3	44.736 Mbps	672	T-3	-
-	139.264 Mbps	2048	-	E4
DS4/NA	139.264 Mbps	2176	-	-
DS4	274.176 Mbps	4032	-	-
-	565.148 Mbps	4 E4 channels	-	E5

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology for bringing high-bandwidth information to homes and small businesses over ordinary copper telephone lines. xDSL refers to different variations of DSL, such as ADSL, HDSL, and RADSL

digital signal level x

The Business Policy Switch includes the capability to enhance your network traffic management. For each packet, there is an octet in the packet header, the DiffServ (DS) field, that you can designate for specific service. For IP packets, six bits of the DS field is the DiffServ Code Point (DSCP). DSCP value defines how the packet is to be treated as it travels through the network.

Digital signal processing

Data set unit

data terminating equipment {host)Short for Data Terminal Equipment, a device that controls data flowing to or from a computer. The term is most often used in reference to serial communications defined by the RS-232C standard. This standard defines the two ends of the communications channel as being a DTE and Data Communications Equipment (DCE) device. In practical terms, the DCE is usually a modem and the DTE is the computer itself, or more precisely, the computer's UART chip. For internal modems, the DCE and DTE are part of the same device.

dual tone multi frequency

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology that puts data from different sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal carried at the same time on its own separate light wavelength.

E

european level 1

external address plan

external address plan manager

edge-based rerouting

equivalent cell rate

explicit forward congestion indication

extended Gibbens-Hunt method

exterior gateway protocol

excess information rate

Enterprise module

end of message

end point

emission priority

early packet discard

Explicit rate

the ElectroStatic Discharge jack on the shelf assembly

Extended superframe

End system identifier

European level x

F

frame aligned BTDS

Forward Congestion Indication

Frame Check Sequence is utilized between the access device and the network to ensure bit integrity of the frame (FR)

final destination call router

Fiber distributed data interface

forward explicit congestion notification

fast forwarder process

fax idle suppression

function processor * Function processors provide communication connections and services.

fast packet processor

Frame relay - a high-speed, packet switching WAN protocol designed to provide efficient, high-speed frame or packet transmission with minimum delay. Frame relay uses minimal error detection and relies on higher level protocols for error control.Frame relay is a telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks LANs and between end-points in a wide area network WAN Frame relay puts data in a variable-size unit called a frame and leaves any necessary error correction (retransmission of data) up to the end-points, which speeds up overall data transmission. For most services, the network provides a permanent virtual circuit, which means that the customer sees a continous, dedicated connection without having to pay for a full-time leased line, while the service provider figures out the route each frame travels to its destination and can charge based on usage.

frame relay over ATM

Frame relay DTE (Data termination equipment) access service interconnects a Passport 6400 node and other frame relay devices. You can use this service to connect private networks to public networks, private networks to private networks, private networks to private networks through public networks

Frame relay forum

Frame relay UNI (User to network)

file transfer protocol

G

Global Area Network

Links to other networks are called gateways a device (as a router ) serving as an entry A system that links two different types of networks and enables them to communicate with each other. The Business Communications Manager BCM can provide the gateway to an intranet or internet .into a network.

Gigabit Interface Converter

Gigabits per second

generic connection admission control

global cache manager

generic cell rate algorithms

generic flow control

general packet radio services

Generic routing encapsulation

Global System for Mobile communication

A GUI is a graphical (rather than purely textual) user interface to a computer. As you read this, you are looking at the GUI or graphical user interface of your particular Web browser. The term came into existence because the first interactive user interfaces to computers were not graphical; they were text-and-keyboard oriented and usually consisted of commands you had to remember and computer responses that were infamously brief.

H

high-level data link control Layer 2 of the OSI model is the data link layer. One of the most common layer 2 protocols is the HDLC protocol. In fact, many other common layer 2 protocols are heavily based on HDLC, particularly its framing structure: namely, SDLC, SS#7, LAPB ,LAPD and ADCCP. The basic framing structure of the HDLC protocol is shown below:HDLC uses zero insertion/deletion process (commonly known as bit stuffing) to ensure that the bit pattern of the delimiter flag does not occur in the fields between flags. The HDLC frame is synchronous and therefore relies on the physical layer to provide method of clocking and synchronizing the transmission and reception of frames.The HDLC protocol is defined by ISO for use on both point-to-point and multipoint (multidrop) data links. It supports full duplex transparent-mode operation and is now extensively used in both multipoint and computer networks.

header error control

FrUni Dna HuntGroupMember

Holding priority

HDLC transparent data service( HDLC = High level data link control ); see also BTDS (bit transparent data service) & VTDS(voice transparent data service)

HyperText Markup Language

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)The set of rules used for exchanging text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files on the world wide web.

Hubs are devices with many ports (jacks into which network cables can plug in); a hub is simply a multi-port repeater. It takes data signals in through one port, and repeats everything out through all the other ports, hoping that one of the computers plugged into it is the destination computer.
The disadvantage of this behavior is that it causes unnecessary traffic. By sending out the same signal to every computer, it clogs up the lines keeping them busy and preventing other data from being sent over them.

I

International code designator

internet control message protocol

IMA control protocol

Initial cell rate

An IDS (Intrusion Detection System) is a network security system designed to identify intrusive or malicious behavior via monitoring of network activity. The IDS identifies suspicious patterns that may indicate an attempt to attack, break in to, or otherwise compromise a system. An IDS can be network-based or host-based, passive or reactive, and can rely on either misuse detection or anomaly detection

internet datagram protocol

Information element

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used by IP Multicast routers to learn about the existence of host group members on their directly attached subnets (see RFC 2236). The IP Multicast routers get this information by broadcasting IGMP queries and listening for IP hosts reporting their host group memberships. This process is used to set up a client/server relationship between an IP Multicast source that provides data streams and the clients that want receive data.

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

interim interswitch signaling protocol

interLAN switching ( Connectionless routing)

ILS routing stack

interim(Integrated) local management interface

inverse multiplexing for ATM

Inverse multiplexing for frame-cell trunks

inverse ARP

internet protocol *Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) is a group of protocols that defines a common set of rules and standards that enable networks and hosts to communicate. IP is
the routed or network layer protocol of TCP/IP and is one of the most popular internetworking protocols.

A system for assigning numbers to network subdivisions, domains, and nodes in TCP/IP networks

IP interface over frame relay

IP interface over virtual circuit

IP Next Generation. A term used to describe the efforts of the Internet Engineering Task force to cope with the explosive growth of the Internet by defining the next generation of Internet Protocol

Internet Protocol over ATM

Internet Protocol Security is a framework for a set of protocols for security at the network or packet processing layer of network communication. Earlier security approaches have inserted security at the application layer of the communications model. IPsec is said to be especially useful for implementing virtual private networks and for remote user access through dial-up connection to private networks. A big advantage of IPsec is that security arrangements can be handled without requiring changes to individual user computers.

internetwork packet exchange * A Novell LAN protocol that creates maintains and terminates connections between network devices
* The Passport 6400 internetwork packet exchange (IPX) service is a connectionless network layer protocol that delivers datagram packets on a best-effort basis. IPX uses the information in the routing information protocol packets to determine current information about the network topology. The service advertisement protocol (SAP) allows printers, file servers, and gateways to announce their availability to nodes on the network. IPX also allows direction or control of services provided on the network by filtering the packets.

International switching centers

Integrated Services Digital Line Card

Internet service provider

Interoperability Software Version Numbers

J

K

key telephone system  In a local environment, obstacle such as a mountain range or the edge of a terminals and equipment that provide immediate building. Note: The knife-edge effect is access from all terminals to a variety of telephone explained by Huygens’ principle, which states that a services without attendant assistance.  Note: A well-defined obstruction to an electromagnetic wave KTS may interface with the public switched telephone

L

Link Aggregation (LA) allows you to create and manage a trunk group. You can control and configure a trunk group automatically through the use of the Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP). 802.3ad provides an industry standard method for bundling multiple links together to form a single trunk between two networking devices. Trunks that conform to the 802.3ad standard are Link Aggregation Groups (LAGs). BoSS 3.1 supports 2 types of trunks•Dynamic LAG•MLTA trunk group that is formed by Link Aggregation is called a Link Aggregation group (LAG), and a trunk group that is formed by BayStack Multilink Trunking is called a Multilink trunk (MLT) group.

M

MultiLink Trunk (MLT) is a point-to-point connection that aggregates multiple ports so that they logically act as a single port with the aggregated bandwidth. Grouping multiple ports into a logical link allows you to achieve higher aggregate throughput on a switch-to-switch or switch-to-server application. MultiLink Trunking provides media and module redundancy.

N

Network network (or node) interface * The Passport 6400 frame relay network-to-network interface (NNI) service provides a communication interface between two frame relay networks. This service receives, processes, and transmits the network status signaling information through the network. The end user receives accurate information about the network

O

P

de ex 2^15-1 A 215- 1 pseudorandom bit sequence PRBS n=15

peack cell rate * The unit of measurement for PCR is cells per second (cells/s) but the Passport trunk and topology systems work in bandwidth units of bits per second (bps). The AtmAccess component converts the PCR value to a bandwidth value measured in bits/s using the conversion formula of 1 cell/s = 384 bit/s.The ACR is the minimum of the PCR, CCR, and actual shaping rate (ASR).     * Passport Carrier release

Point to point protocol service is a data link layer protocol service that provides packet transfer between two dedicated WAN peers. Packet transfers are full duplex and sequential.
A protocol for  creating a TCP/IP connection over both synchronous and asynchronous systems.  PPP provides connections for host to network or between two routers, It also has a security mechanism. PPP is well known as a protocol for connections over regular telephone lines using  modems on both ends. This protocol is widely used for connecting personal computers to the internet.

Q

R

S

A group of servers usually located in a secure area, and sometimes collocated at an ISP. These servers all serve a single purpose (such as serving Web pages, for example) and have some sort of load balanced across them. If one server in the farm dies, business carries on as usual. If performance is slow, you add more servers. This term is popular when dealing with Web-based applications, where a group of web servers all serve up the same content or pull data from a database server or group of database servers.

simple network management protocol SNMP is the standard for network management that uses a common software agent to manage local and wide area network equipment from different vendors; part of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite and defined in RFC1157. SNMPv1 is version one, or the original standard protocol. SNMPv3 is a combination of proposal updates to SNMP, most of which deal with security.

SSH is a protocol that uses public key cryptography to transfer data securely over insecure networks. At the core of most SSH implementations are the "ssh" and "scp" commands."ssh" and "scp" are "secure" versions of the UNIX "rsh" and "rcp" commands, (which in turn are a bit like the more familiar "telnet" and "ftp" programs). The "ssh" command provides command-line, (non-GUI), access to a remote server. "scp" allows files to be copied to/from a remote server. Both programs use the SSH protocol to establish a secure connection and to encrypt all data passing between the client and the server.

The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a commonly-used protocol for managing the security of a message transmission on the Internet. SSL has recently been succeeded by Transport Layer Security (TLS), which is based on SSL. SSL uses a program layer located between the Internet's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP) layers. SSL is included as part of both the Microsoft and Netscape browsers and most Web server products. Developed by Netscape, SSL also gained the support of Microsoft and other Internet client/server developers as well and became the de facto standard until evolving into Transport Layer Security.

T

Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) is a group of protocols that defines a common set of rules and standards that enable networks and hosts to communicate. IP is the routed or network layer protocol of TCP/IP and is one of the most popular internetworking protocols.TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and for assembling the packets when they arrive. IP is responsible for the sending and receiving data packets over the Internet.

TDMA (time division multiple access) is a technology used in digital cellular telephone communication that divides each cellular channel into three time slots in order to increase the amount of data that can be carried.

tandem pass through-tandem node detection for routing compressed voice calls through an intermediate PBX by way of tandemPassport nodes. Only MVP/MVP-E FPs support tandem pass through (TPT).

U

V

virtual networking system(Connectionless routing). A connectionless routing system used by Passport to transport data traffic for connectionless services The virtual networking system (VNS) routes connectionless packets across a Passport logical network. This is done by encapsulating the packets in a Passport VNS header as it enters the network and using the data in the header to route the packet across the Passport network. This allows encapsulated WAN traffic to consolidate with other Passport traffic (such as DPN and PORS traffic) on common trunks.

VoIP (voice over IP - that is, voice delivered using the Internet Protocol) is a term used in IP telephony for a set of facilities for managing the delivery of voice information using the Internet Protocol (IP). In general, this means sending voice information in digital form in discrete packets rather than in the traditional circuit-committed protocols of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). A major advantage of VoIP and Internet telephony is that it avoids the tolls charged by ordinary telephone service. In addition to IP, VoIP uses the real-time protocol (RTP) to help ensure that packets get delivered in a timely way. Using public networks, it is currently difficult to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS). Better service is possible with private networks managed by an enterprise or by an Internet telephony service provider (ITSP).

W

X

Y

Yes- I -am If the local end does not receive a Yes I Am (YIA) packet , then the Passport trunk disables. If the local end receives a YIA packet, then the local end validates the remote node identification and continues to provide service.

Z

#